Operations on Functions. Functions with overlapping domains can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided. If f(x) and g(x) are two functions, then for all x in the domain of both functions the sum, difference, product and quotient are defined as follows. (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) (f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x) (fg)(x) = f(x) × g(x) (f g)(x ...y−gx = 1 y - g x = 1. This is the form of a hyperbola. Use this form to determine the values used to find vertices and asymptotes of the hyperbola. (x−h)2 a2 − (y−k)2 b2 = 1 ( x - h) 2 a 2 - ( y - k) 2 b 2 = 1. Match the values in this hyperbola to those of the standard form. The variable h h represents the x-offset from the origin, k k ... What you called \times is called function composition, and is written (g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x)). As you noted, it's not commutative, but it is associative. Whenever the compositions are defined, (h ∘ g) ∘ f = h ∘ (g ∘ f) = h ∘ g ∘ f. In a way, the function iteration can be extended to fractional exponents as well. Apr 30, 2011 · Apr 30, 2011. #2. the letter which you use to label a function has no special meaning. g (x) just identifies a function of x, in the same way as that f (x) does. Using a "g" instead of an "f" only means the function has a different label assigned to it. Typically this is done where you have already got an f (x), so creating another one would be ... There are rules we can follow to find many derivatives. For example: The slope of a constant value (like 3) is always 0. The slope of a line like 2x is 2, or 3x is 3 etc. and so on. Here are useful rules to help you work out the derivatives of many functions (with examples below ). Note: the little mark ’ means derivative of, and f and g are ...Learn how to solve f(g(x)) by replacing the x found in the outside function f(x) by g(x).Free Pre-Algebra, Algebra, Trigonometry, Calculus, Geometry, Statistics and Chemistry calculators step-by-stepThe challenge problem says, "The graphs of the equations y=f(x) and y=g(x) are shown in the grid below." So basically the two graphs is a visual representation of what the two different functions would look like if graphed and they're asking us to find (f∘g)(8), which is combining the two functions and inputting 8.Solving for (f ∘ g )(x) watch fully. College Algebra getting to you? No worries I got you covered check out my other videos for help. If you don't see what ...Set up the composite result function. g(f (x)) g ( f ( x)) Evaluate g(x− 2) g ( x - 2) by substituting in the value of f f into g g. g(x−2) = (x−2)+2 g ( x - 2) = ( x - 2) + 2. Combine the opposite terms in (x− 2)+2 ( x - 2) + 2. Tap for more steps... g(x−2) = x g ( x - 2) = x.Composite functions and Evaluating functions : f(x), g(x), fog(x), gof(x) Calculator - 1. f(x)=2x+1, g(x)=x+5, Find fog(x) 2. fog(x)=(x+2)/(3x), f(x)=x-2, Find gof(x ...Chart drawing f (x),g (x) [1-5] /5. Disp-Num. [1] 2017/07/11 19:54 60 years old level or over / A teacher / A researcher / Useful /. Purpose of use. For 21 August 2017 Sun''s eclipse observations of General Relativity effects on directions of stars near the darkened Sun. Comment/Request. (f+g)(x) is shorthand notation for f(x)+g(x). So (f+g)(x) means that you add the functions f and g (f-g)(x) simply means f(x)-g(x). So in this case, you subtract the functions. (f*g)(x)=f(x)*g(x). So this time you are multiplying the functions and finally, (f/g)(x)=f(x)/g(x). Now you are dividing the functions. g(x) = x g ( x) = x. Rewrite the function as an equation. y = x y = x. Use the slope-intercept form to find the slope and y-intercept. Tap for more steps... Slope: 1 1. y-intercept: (0,0) ( 0, 0) Any line can be graphed using two points. Select two x x values, and plug them into the equation to find the corresponding y y values. Symbol The symbol for composition is a small circle: (g º f) (x) It is not a filled in dot: (g · f) (x), as that means multiply. Composed With Itself We can even compose a function with itself! Example: f (x) = 2x+3 (f º f) (x) = f (f (x)) First we apply f, then apply f to that result: (f º f) (x) = 2 (2x+3)+3 = 4x + 9Proof verification: if f,g: [a,b] → R are continuous and f = g a.e. then f = g. Your proof goes wrong here "The non-empty open sets in [a,b] are one of these forms: [a,x), (x,b], (x,y) or [a,b] itself..." That statement about open sets is just wrong. For instance, the union of ... 3) g(x)= f (x)−(mx+b)= f (x)−xf (1)+(x−1)f (0).Tour Start here for a quick overview of the site Help Center Detailed answers to any questions you might haveIn this video we learn about function composition. Composite functions are combinations of more than one function. In this video we learn about f(g(x)) and g...f (x) = x f ( x) = x. Rewrite the function as an equation. y = x y = x. Use the slope-intercept form to find the slope and y-intercept. Tap for more steps... Slope: 1 1. y-intercept: (0,0) ( 0, 0) Any line can be graphed using two points. Select two x x values, and plug them into the equation to find the corresponding y y values.AboutTranscript. Functions assign outputs to inputs. The domain of a function is the set of all possible inputs for the function. For example, the domain of f (x)=x² is all real numbers, and the domain of g (x)=1/x is all real numbers except for x=0. We can also define special functions whose domains are more limited. There are rules we can follow to find many derivatives. For example: The slope of a constant value (like 3) is always 0. The slope of a line like 2x is 2, or 3x is 3 etc. and so on. Here are useful rules to help you work out the derivatives of many functions (with examples below ). Note: the little mark ’ means derivative of, and f and g are ...Free math problem solver answers your algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus, and statistics homework questions with step-by-step explanations, just like a math tutor.And we're also told that g of x is equal to x squared plus two x times the square root of five minus one. And they want us to find g minus f of x. So pause this video, and see if you can work through that on your own. So the key here is to just realize what this notation means. G minus f of x is the same thing as g of x minus f of x.f( ) = 3( ) + 4 (10) f(g(x)) = 3(g(x)) + 4 (11) f(x2 + 1 x) = 3(x2 + 1 x) + 4 (12) f(x 2+ 1 x) = 3x + 3 x + 4 (13) Thus, (f g)(x) = f(g(x)) = 3x2 + 3 x + 4. Let’s try one more composition but this time with 3 functions. It’ll be exactly the same but with one extra step. Find (f g h)(x) given f, g, and h below. f(x) = 2x (14) g(x) = x2 + 2x ... In practice, there is not much difference between evaluating a function at a formula or expression, and composing two functions. There's a notational difference, of course, but evaluating f (x) at y 2, on the one hand, and composing f (x) with g(x) = y 2, on the other hand, have you doing the exact same steps and getting the exact same answer ...You could view this as a function, a function of x that's defined by dividing f of x by g of x, by creating a rational expression where f of x is in the numerator and g of x is in the denominator. And so this is going to be equal to f of x-- we have right up here-- is 2x squared 15x minus 8. F of G of X. To find f (g (x)), we just substitute x = g (x) in the function f (x). For example, when f (x) = x and g (x) = 3x - 5, then f (g (x)) = f (3x - 5) = (3x - 5) g (f (x)) = a function obtained by replacing x with f (x) in g (x). For example, if f (x) = x and g (x) = sin x, then (i) f (g (x)) = f (sin x) = (sin x) x whereas (ii) g (f ...Free math problem solver answers your algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus, and statistics homework questions with step-by-step explanations, just like a math tutor.Arithmetic operations on a function calculator swiftly finding the value of the arithmetic multiplication operation. Example 4: f (x)=2x+4. g (x)= x+1. (f÷g) (x)=f (x)÷g (x) (f÷g) (x)= (2x+4)÷(x+1) The quotient of two functions calculator is especially designed to find the quotient value when dividing the algebraic functions.The Function which squares a number and adds on a 3, can be written as f (x) = x2+ 5. The same notion may also be used to show how a function affects particular values. Example. f (4) = 4 2 + 5 =21, f (-10) = (-10) 2 +5 = 105 or alternatively f: x → x2 + 5. The phrase "y is a function of x" means that the value of y depends upon the value of ... Solve your math problems using our free math solver with step-by-step solutions. Our math solver supports basic math, pre-algebra, algebra, trigonometry, calculus and more. The resulting function is known as a composite function. We represent this combination by the following notation: (f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x)) We read the left-hand side as “f composed with g at x ,” and the right-hand side as “f of g of x. ” The two sides of the equation have the same mathematical meaning and are equal. Algebra Examples Popular Problems Algebra Simplify f (g (x)) f (g(x)) f ( g ( x)) Remove parentheses. f gx f g xYour function g(x) is defined as a combined function of g(f(x)), so you don't have a plain g(x) that you can just evaluate using 5. The 5 needs to be the output from f(x). So, start by finding: 5=1+2x That get's you back to the original input value that you can then use as the input to g(f(x)). Subtract 1: 4=2x Divided by 2: x=2Composite functions and Evaluating functions : f(x), g(x), fog(x), gof(x) Calculator - 1. f(x)=2x+1, g(x)=x+5, Find fog(x) 2. fog(x)=(x+2)/(3x), f(x)=x-2, Find gof(x ... And we're also told that g of x is equal to x squared plus two x times the square root of five minus one. And they want us to find g minus f of x. So pause this video, and see if you can work through that on your own. So the key here is to just realize what this notation means. G minus f of x is the same thing as g of x minus f of x.f( ) = 3( ) + 4 (10) f(g(x)) = 3(g(x)) + 4 (11) f(x2 + 1 x) = 3(x2 + 1 x) + 4 (12) f(x 2+ 1 x) = 3x + 3 x + 4 (13) Thus, (f g)(x) = f(g(x)) = 3x2 + 3 x + 4. Let’s try one more composition but this time with 3 functions. It’ll be exactly the same but with one extra step. Find (f g h)(x) given f, g, and h below. f(x) = 2x (14) g(x) = x2 + 2x ... The domain means all the possible values of x and the range means all the possible values of y. The functions are given below. f (x) = x. g (x) = 1. Then the domain of the function (g/f) (x) will be. (g/f) (x) = 1 / x. Then the graph of the function is given below. The domain of the function is a real number except 0 because the function is not ...Function composition (or composition of functions) usually looks like f (g (x) ) or (f ∘ g ) (x), which both read as "f of g of x." To help us better understand function composition , let’s imagine we want to buy some merch, and we can use two coupons to bring down the original price .Oct 18, 2015 · Solving for (f ∘ g )(x) watch fully. College Algebra getting to you? No worries I got you covered check out my other videos for help. If you don't see what ... Graphically, for any function f(x), the statement that f(a)=b means that the graph of f(x) passes through the point (a,b). If you look at the graphs of f(x) and g(x), you will see that the graph of f(x) passes through the point (3,6) and the graph of g(x) passes though the point (3,3). This is why f(3)=6 and g(3)=3.f( ) = 3( ) + 4 (10) f(g(x)) = 3(g(x)) + 4 (11) f(x2 + 1 x) = 3(x2 + 1 x) + 4 (12) f(x 2+ 1 x) = 3x + 3 x + 4 (13) Thus, (f g)(x) = f(g(x)) = 3x2 + 3 x + 4. Let’s try one more composition but this time with 3 functions. It’ll be exactly the same but with one extra step. Find (f g h)(x) given f, g, and h below. f(x) = 2x (14) g(x) = x2 + 2x ... For example, g(x) approaches 3 when x approaches 1, and f(3) = 10 but the function f(x) is discontinuous at f(3) such that the one side limits are different and hence its limit is undefined, will lim {x→1} f(g(x)) return the value 10?Free Pre-Algebra, Algebra, Trigonometry, Calculus, Geometry, Statistics and Chemistry calculators step-by-stepFor example the functions of f (𝑥) and g (𝑥) are shown below. Use the graphs to calculate the value of the composite function, g (f (5)). Step 1. Use the input of the composite function to read the output from the graph of the inner function. The number input to the composite function is 5.Composite functions and Evaluating functions : f(x), g(x), fog(x), gof(x) Calculator - 1. f(x)=2x+1, g(x)=x+5, Find fog(x) 2. fog(x)=(x+2)/(3x), f(x)=x-2, Find gof(x ... Solve your math problems using our free math solver with step-by-step solutions. Our math solver supports basic math, pre-algebra, algebra, trigonometry, calculus and more.And we're also told that g of x is equal to x squared plus two x times the square root of five minus one. And they want us to find g minus f of x. So pause this video, and see if you can work through that on your own. So the key here is to just realize what this notation means. G minus f of x is the same thing as g of x minus f of x.And we're also told that g of x is equal to x squared plus two x times the square root of five minus one. And they want us to find g minus f of x. So pause this video, and see if you can work through that on your own. So the key here is to just realize what this notation means. G minus f of x is the same thing as g of x minus f of x.Use of the Composition Calculator. 1 - Enter and edit functions f(x) f ( x) and g(x) g ( x) and click "Enter Functions" then check what you have entered and edit if needed. 2 - Press "Calculate Composition". 2 - The exponential function is written as (e^x).A function f (x) and g (x) then: (f + g) (x) = x² - x + 6. Further explanation. Like the number operations we do in real numbers, operations such as addition, installation, division or multiplication can also be done on two functions. Suppose a function f (x) and g (x) then: (f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x) (f + g) (x) is a new function of the sum ...Solving for (f ∘ g )(x) watch fully. College Algebra getting to you? No worries I got you covered check out my other videos for help. If you don't see what ...f(x)=2x+3, g(x)=-x^2+5, f(g(x)) en. Related Symbolab blog posts. Intermediate Math Solutions – Functions Calculator, Function Composition. Function composition is ...Algebra Examples Popular Problems Algebra Simplify f (g (x)) f (g(x)) f ( g ( x)) Remove parentheses. f gx f g xApr 30, 2011. #2. the letter which you use to label a function has no special meaning. g (x) just identifies a function of x, in the same way as that f (x) does. Using a "g" instead of an "f" only means the function has a different label assigned to it. Typically this is done where you have already got an f (x), so creating another one would be ...Given two functions, add them, multiply them, subtract them, or divide them (on paper). I have another video where I show how this looks using only the grap...A very quick tutorial for how to evaluate a simple composite function. f(g(x)) Chart drawing f (x),g (x) [1-5] /5. Disp-Num. [1] 2017/07/11 19:54 60 years old level or over / A teacher / A researcher / Useful /. Purpose of use. For 21 August 2017 Sun''s eclipse observations of General Relativity effects on directions of stars near the darkened Sun. Comment/Request.Given f (x) = 2x, g(x) = x + 4, and h(x) = 5 − x 3, find (f + g)(2), (h − g)(2), (f × h)(2), and (h / g)(2) This exercise differs from the previous one in that I not only have to do the operations with the functions, but I also have to evaluate at a particular x -value.May 30, 2014 · SPM - Add Math - Form 4 - FunctionThis short video is going to guide you how to find the f(x) using the substitution method. Hope you find this method helpfu... Oct 18, 2015 · Solving for (f ∘ g )(x) watch fully. College Algebra getting to you? No worries I got you covered check out my other videos for help. If you don't see what ... Functions f and g are inverses if f(g(x))=x=g(f(x)). For every pair of such functions, the derivatives f' and g' have a special relationship. Learn about this relationship and see how it applies to 𝑒ˣ and ln(x) (which are inverse functions!).Apr 30, 2011. #2. the letter which you use to label a function has no special meaning. g (x) just identifies a function of x, in the same way as that f (x) does. Using a "g" instead of an "f" only means the function has a different label assigned to it. Typically this is done where you have already got an f (x), so creating another one would be ...y−gx = 1 y - g x = 1. This is the form of a hyperbola. Use this form to determine the values used to find vertices and asymptotes of the hyperbola. (x−h)2 a2 − (y−k)2 b2 = 1 ( x - h) 2 a 2 - ( y - k) 2 b 2 = 1. Match the values in this hyperbola to those of the standard form. The variable h h represents the x-offset from the origin, k k ...f(x)=2x+3, g(x)=-x^2+5, f(g(x)) en. Related Symbolab blog posts. Intermediate Math Solutions – Functions Calculator, Function Composition. Function composition is ... What you called \times is called function composition, and is written (g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x)). As you noted, it's not commutative, but it is associative. Whenever the compositions are defined, (h ∘ g) ∘ f = h ∘ (g ∘ f) = h ∘ g ∘ f. In a way, the function iteration can be extended to fractional exponents as well. Composite functions and Evaluating functions : f(x), g(x), fog(x), gof(x) Calculator - 1. f(x)=2x+1, g(x)=x+5, Find fog(x) 2. fog(x)=(x+2)/(3x), f(x)=x-2, Find gof(x ...Purplemath. Composition of functions is the process of plugging one function into another, and simplifying or evaluating the result at a given x -value. Suppose you are given the two functions f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = −x2 + 5. Composition means that you can plug g(x) into f(x), (or vice versa).Algebra Examples Popular Problems Algebra Simplify f (g (x)) f (g(x)) f ( g ( x)) Remove parentheses. f gx f g xThe function f(g(x)) represents the amount that Sonia will earn per hour by baking bread. What is a Function? A function assigns the value of each element of one set to the other specific element of another set. Given f(x)=9x²+1 and g(x)=√(2x³). Therefore, the value of f(g(x)) will be, = 9(2x³) + 1 = 18x³ + 1Purplemath. Composition of functions is the process of plugging one function into another, and simplifying or evaluating the result at a given x -value. Suppose you are given the two functions f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = −x2 + 5. Composition means that you can plug g(x) into f(x), (or vice versa).Chart drawing f (x),g (x) [1-5] /5. Disp-Num. [1] 2017/07/11 19:54 60 years old level or over / A teacher / A researcher / Useful /. Purpose of use. For 21 August 2017 Sun''s eclipse observations of General Relativity effects on directions of stars near the darkened Sun. Comment/Request.Composite functions and Evaluating functions : f(x), g(x), fog(x), gof(x) Calculator - 1. f(x)=2x+1, g(x)=x+5, Find fog(x) 2. fog(x)=(x+2)/(3x), f(x)=x-2, Find gof(x ...Operations on Functions. Functions with overlapping domains can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided. If f(x) and g(x) are two functions, then for all x in the domain of both functions the sum, difference, product and quotient are defined as follows. (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) (f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x) (fg)(x) = f(x) × g(x) (f g)(x ...Rule 3: Additive identity I don't know if you interpreted the definition of the vector addition of your vector space correctly, but your reasoning for Rule 3 seems to be a bit odd. f (x)+g(x)= f (x) f (g(x))= f (x) ... Since you already know that h is a continuous bijection, you need only show that h is an open map, i.e., that h[U] is open in h ...Given f (x) = 2x, g(x) = x + 4, and h(x) = 5 − x 3, find (f + g)(2), (h − g)(2), (f × h)(2), and (h / g)(2) This exercise differs from the previous one in that I not only have to do the operations with the functions, but I also have to evaluate at a particular x -value.Symbol The symbol for composition is a small circle: (g º f) (x) It is not a filled in dot: (g · f) (x), as that means multiply. Composed With Itself We can even compose a function with itself! Example: f (x) = 2x+3 (f º f) (x) = f (f (x)) First we apply f, then apply f to that result: (f º f) (x) = 2 (2x+3)+3 = 4x + 9Given f (x) = 2x, g(x) = x + 4, and h(x) = 5 − x 3, find (f + g)(2), (h − g)(2), (f × h)(2), and (h / g)(2) This exercise differs from the previous one in that I not only have to do the operations with the functions, but I also have to evaluate at a particular x -value. The resulting function is known as a composite function. We represent this combination by the following notation: (f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x)) We read the left-hand side as “f composed with g at x ,” and the right-hand side as “f of g of x. ” The two sides of the equation have the same mathematical meaning and are equal.
Symbol The symbol for composition is a small circle: (g º f) (x) It is not a filled in dot: (g · f) (x), as that means multiply. Composed With Itself We can even compose a function with itself! Example: f (x) = 2x+3 (f º f) (x) = f (f (x)) First we apply f, then apply f to that result: (f º f) (x) = 2 (2x+3)+3 = 4x + 9. Katu 096
g(x) = x g ( x) = x. Rewrite the function as an equation. y = x y = x. Use the slope-intercept form to find the slope and y-intercept. Tap for more steps... Slope: 1 1. y-intercept: (0,0) ( 0, 0) Any line can be graphed using two points. Select two x x values, and plug them into the equation to find the corresponding y y values.May 24, 2019 · It's a big theorem that all rational functions have elementary antiderivatives. The general way to integrate a rational function is to factor it into quadratics and linears (this is always possible by FTA), and use partial fractions decomposition. For our specific example, we have to factor x4 −x2 + 1 x 4 − x 2 + 1. Trigonometry. Find f (g (x)) f (x)=3x-4 , g (x)=x+2. f (x) = 3x − 4 f ( x) = 3 x - 4 , g(x) = x + 2 g ( x) = x + 2. Set up the composite result function. f (g(x)) f ( g ( x)) Evaluate f (x+ 2) f ( x + 2) by substituting in the value of g g into f f. f (x+2) = 3(x+2)−4 f ( x + 2) = 3 ( x + 2) - 4. Simplify each term.Figure 2.24 The graphs of f(x) and g(x) are identical for all x ≠ 1. Their limits at 1 are equal. We see that. lim x → 1x2 − 1 x − 1 = lim x → 1 ( x − 1) ( x + 1) x − 1 = lim x → 1(x + 1) = 2. The limit has the form lim x → a f ( x) g ( x), where lim x → af(x) = 0 and lim x → ag(x) = 0.Given f (x) = 2x, g(x) = x + 4, and h(x) = 5 − x 3, find (f + g)(2), (h − g)(2), (f × h)(2), and (h / g)(2) This exercise differs from the previous one in that I not only have to do the operations with the functions, but I also have to evaluate at a particular x -value.In this video we learn about function composition. Composite functions are combinations of more than one function. In this video we learn about f(g(x)) and g...Free math problem solver answers your algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus, and statistics homework questions with step-by-step explanations, just like a math tutor.Solving for (f ∘ g )(x) watch fully. College Algebra getting to you? No worries I got you covered check out my other videos for help. If you don't see what ...SPM - Add Math - Form 4 - FunctionThis short video is going to guide you how to find the f(x) using the substitution method. Hope you find this method helpfu...Apr 30, 2011 · Apr 30, 2011. #2. the letter which you use to label a function has no special meaning. g (x) just identifies a function of x, in the same way as that f (x) does. Using a "g" instead of an "f" only means the function has a different label assigned to it. Typically this is done where you have already got an f (x), so creating another one would be ... Compute answers using Wolfram's breakthrough technology & knowledgebase, relied on by millions of students & professionals. For math, science, nutrition, history ...Arithmetic Combinations of Functions. The sum, difference, product, or quotient of functions can be found easily. (f / g) (x) = f (x) / g (x), as long as g (x) isn't zero. The domain of each of these combinations is the intersection of the domain of f and the domain of g. In other words, both functions must be defined at a point for the ...Dec 13, 2012 · How-to find the divide f(x) and g(x)How-to find the divide f(x) and g(x)How-to find the divide f(x) and g(x)How-to find the divide f(x) and g(x)How-to find t... Operations on Functions. Functions with overlapping domains can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided. If f(x) and g(x) are two functions, then for all x in the domain of both functions the sum, difference, product and quotient are defined as follows. (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) (f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x) (fg)(x) = f(x) × g(x) (f g)(x ... Chart drawing f (x),g (x) [1-5] /5. Disp-Num. [1] 2017/07/11 19:54 60 years old level or over / A teacher / A researcher / Useful /. Purpose of use. For 21 August 2017 Sun''s eclipse observations of General Relativity effects on directions of stars near the darkened Sun. Comment/Request.f(x)=2x+3, g(x)=-x^2+5, f(g(x)) en. Related Symbolab blog posts. Intermediate Math Solutions – Functions Calculator, Function Composition. Function composition is ... Apr 29, 2017 · Besides being called (composition) commutative, it is sometimes also said that such functions are permutable, e.g. see here.As an example, a classic result of Ritt shows that permutable polynomials are, up to a linear homeomorphism, either both powers of x, both iterates of the same polynomial, or both Chebychev polynomials. Bachelors. Here we asked to compute G composed with G of X, which means take the function G of X, plug it in for X in itself, so what we'll do is take two X plus 7 and plug that in for X in the function two X plus 7. So out comes the X in goes the two X plus 7. And there we will use parentheses appropriately because it is multiplication..